In the Middle Ages the Term That Was Being Applied to Theology Arts Law and Medicine Was

Learning Objective

Describe intellectual life in the Center Ages

Key Points

Increased contact with Byzantium and with the Islamic world in Muslim-dominated Spain and Sicily, the Crusades, and the Reconquista allowed Europeans to seek and interpret the works of Hellenic and Islamic philosophers and scientists, especially Aristotle.
The groundwork for the rebirth of learning was likewise laid by the process of political consolidation and centralization of the monarchies of Europe, peculiarly of Charlemagne and Otto I.
Cathedral schools and universities started to develop, with young men proceeding to university to study the trivium and quadrivium.
Scholasticism was a fusing of philosophy and theology by 12th- and 13th-century scholars that tried to apply a systematic approach to truth and reason.
Royal and noble courts saw the development of poems and songs spread by traveling minstrels.
Legal studies advanced in Western Europe.
Algebra was invented, assuasive more adult mathematics, and astronomy and medicine advanced.

Terms

Thomas Aquinas

Italian Dominican friar and priest (c. 1225 CE–1274 CE) and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism.

trivium

In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught outset: grammer, logic, and rhetoric.

Corpus Juris Civilis

The modern name for a collection of key works in jurisprudence, issued from 529–534 CE by gild of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.

quadrivium

The four subjects, or arts, taught subsequently the trivium. It consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy and was considered preparatory work for the serious study of philosophy and theology.

Ptolemy

Greco-Roman author of Alexandria (c. CE 90–c. 168 CE) known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, iii of which were of continuing importance to after Islamic and European science.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher and scientist born in Stagirus, northern Greece, in 384 BCE. His writings covered many subjects and constitute the first comprehensive organisation of Western philosophy.

scholasticism

Method of critical idea that dominated pedagogy by the academics (scholastics, or schoolmen) of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1700 CE.

During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activeness, sometimes called the renaissance of 12th century. The intellectual bug discussed throughout this period were the relation of faith to reason, the existence and simplicity of God, the purpose of theology and metaphysics, and the issues of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle—more than iii,000 pages of his works would eventually exist translated—and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such every bit Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology.

Historical Conditions

The groundwork for the rebirth of learning was also laid past the procedure of political consolidation and centralization of the monarchies of Europe. This process of centralization began with Charlemagne, King of the Franks (768–814) and later Holy Roman Emperor (800–814). Charlemagne's inclination towards education, which led to the cosmos of many new churches and schools where students were required to acquire Latin and Greek, has been called the "Carolingian Renaissance." A second "renaissance" occurred during the reign of Otto I, King of the Saxons from 936–973 and Holy Roman Emperor from 952. Otto was successful in unifying his kingdom and asserting his correct to engage bishops and archbishops throughout the kingdom. Otto's assumption of this ecclesiastical power brought him into close contact with the all-time-educated and ablest course of men in his kingdom. From this close contact, many new reforms were introduced in the Saxon kingdom and in the Holy Roman Empire. Thus, Otto's reign has besides been called a "renaissance." The renaissance of the twelfth century has been identified as the third and final of the medieval renaissances. Yet the renaissance of the 12th century was far more thoroughgoing than those renaissances that preceded in the Carolingian and Ottonian periods.

Conquest of and contact with the Muslim world through the Crusades and the reconquest of Spain besides yielded new texts and knowledge. Most notably, contact with Muslims led to the the European rediscovery and translation of Aristotle, whose wide-ranging works influenced medieval philosophy, theology, science, and medicine.

Schools and Universities

The tardily-11th and early-12th centuries as well saw the rise of cathedral schools throughout Western Europe, signaling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities.

The showtime universities in Europe included the Academy of Bologna (1088), the University of Paris (c. 1150, after associated with the Sorbonne), and the University of Oxford (1167). In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the trivium—the preparatory arts of grammer, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic—and the quadrivium—arithmetics, geometry, music, and astronomy.

Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt past 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, nigh notably Aristotle and the Bible. This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the idea of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology.

The development of medieval universities allowed them to aid materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure, which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, the European university put many of these texts at the middle of its curriculum, with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."

Poems and Stories

Royal and noble courts saw the development of chivalry and the ethos of courtly love. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "songs of great deeds," such equally "The Vocal of Roland" or "The Vocal of Hildebrand." Secular and religious histories were as well produced. Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) equanimous his Historia Regum Britanniae, a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. Other works were more than clearly pure history, such as Otto von Freising's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris, detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury'south (d. c. 1143) Gesta Regum, on the kings of England.

Legal Studies

Legal studies advanced during the twelfth century. Both secular police and canon police force, or ecclesiastical police force, were studied in the Loftier Middle Ages. Secular constabulary, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman police force was beingness taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardization of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Catechism law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian, a instructor at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon police—the Decretum.

Algebra and Astronomy

Amidst the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this menstruum in European history were the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number organisation and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy'due south Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late twelfth century. Medicine was also studied, peculiarly in southern Italian republic, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno.

The Weird Truth about Arabic Numerals.How the globe came to utilize then-called Arabic numerals—from the scholarship of ancient Hindu mathematicians, to Muslim scientist Al-Khwarizmi, to the merchants of medieval Italy.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/intellectual-life/